m Available for Android and iOS devices. -Usual dose: 1800 mg/day Doctors advise people who are taking lithium to maintain adequate hydration but report any excessive thirst. Symptoms of mild lithium toxicity are similar to the side effects listed above. Learn the common signs of mental illness in adults and adolescents. Sign up for free, and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips and current health topics, like COVID-19, plus expertise on managing health. Stay with the person until professional help arrives. Swallow the pill whole. LI-SE-05-I This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. Certain blood pressure medications, called angiotensin receptor blockers or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. One example is nausea, which affects about 1020% of people in the early stages of lithium treatment. If you become pregnant while taking lithium, call your doctor. If a person has symptoms of lithium toxicity, they should seek medical help right away. The following are trademarks of NAMI: NAMI, NAMI Basics, NAMI Connection, NAMI Ending the Silence, NAMI FaithNet, NAMI Family & Friends, NAMI Family Support Group, NAMI Family-to-Family, NAMI Grading the States, NAMI Hearts & Minds, NAMI Homefront, NAMI HelpLine, NAMI In Our Own Voice, NAMI On Campus, NAMI Parents & Teachers as Allies, NAMI Peer-to-Peer, NAMI Provider, NAMI Smarts for Advocacy, Act4MentalHealth, Vote4MentalHealth, NAMIWalks and National Alliance on Mental Illness. other information we have about you. We link primary sources including studies, scientific references, and statistics within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. Do not drive a car or operate machinery until you know how this medication affects you. tell your doctor if you are pregnant, plan to become pregnant, or are breastfeeding. Uses. Uses: (Lithium Selenide), Sec 302 Extremely Hazardous: NoSec 304 Reportable Quantities: N/ASec 313 Toxic Chemicals: Yes. That is, for example, some people may experience tinnitus at levels below 2.0 mEq/l. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could It can decrease the intensity of manic and depressive episodes, making symptoms less severe. It may take up to 3 weeks before your symptoms improve. It could cause harm to the unborn baby. See the last section of this article for information on how to get help if you or someone you know is experiencing suicidal thoughts. Your doctor will monitor your kidney function at routine check-ups to ensure this does not occur. Do not double your dose or take more than what is prescribed. They may also wish to talk with a mental health professional about other care. Early signs of toxicity include: vomiting, diarrhea, drowsiness, muscle weakness, or loss of coordination. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Avoid drinking alcohol or using illegal drugs while you are taking lithium. Use the internet to research the ionic compounds listed below to determine if they have medicinal uses. This content does not have an English version. Generic name: lithium [LITH-ee-um] Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. What special dietary instructions should I follow? Rare kidney problems have been associated with long-term use of lithium. Drink extra fluids to keep from getting dehydrated while you are taking this medication. Lithium Selenide-Li2Se - no medicinal uses that I could findSodium Chloride-NaCl - also known as salt, is an essential compound that is used in the bodyto absorb and transport nutrients, maintain blood pressure and maintain the right balance offluidsPlatinum (II) Chloride-PtCl2- no medicinal uses that I could findPotassium Chloride-KCl - used to The origin of the name Lithium comes from the Greek wordlithose which means "stone." According to a 2015 review article, these side effects are most likely to affect women below the age of 60 years. tell your doctor if you have or have ever had organic brain syndrome (any physical condition that affects the way your brain works) or thyroid disease or if you have ever fainted without an explanation. [2] It is approved for the treatment of bipolar disorder (also known as manic depression). These include: It is best for people who take lithium to speak with a healthcare professional before changing their intake of any agent that can increase or decrease lithium levels in the body, for example, by switching to a low sodium diet. In this article, we outline some of the more common short term and long term side effects of taking lithium. Fire Fighting Procedure: Use full-face, self-contained breathing apparatus with full protective clothing to prevent contact with skin and eyes. It is a selenide with a chemical formula Li2Se. It is important for you to keep a written list of all of the prescription and nonprescription (over-the-counter) medicines you are taking, as well as any products such as vitamins, minerals, or other dietary supplements. Lithium was discovered by Johann Arvedson in 1817 and first isolated by William Thomas Brande in 1821. Lithium selenide is an inorganic compound that formed by selenium and lithium. Seek medical attention right away if you have symptoms of serotonin syndrome, such as: agitation, hallucinations, fever, sweating, shivering, fast heart rate, muscle stiffness, twitching, loss of coordination, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. We comply with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. AHFS Patient Medication Information. Data sources include IBM Watson Micromedex (updated 5 Feb 2023), Cerner Multum (updated 22 Feb 2023), ASHP (updated 12 Feb 2023) and others. Solubility: sol water; sparingly sol THF, ABTin(II) SelenideSnSeLithium OxideLi2OLithium SulfideLi2SLithium SelenideLi2Se240 more rows, NamesMolar mass92.842Appearanceclear crystalDensity2.0 g/cm3Solubility in waterhydrolysis30 more rows. If you are planning on becoming pregnant, notify your health care provider so that he/she can best manage your medications. Permissible Exposure Limits: 0.2 mg/m3 as Li2Se, long-term valueThreshold Limit Value: 0.2 mg/m3 as Li2Se, long-term valueSpecial Equipment: NoneRespiratory Protection: Use a respirator with type P100 (USA) or P3 (EN143) cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. It works as a mood stabilizer and can help decrease the intensity of manic episodes while also making the symptoms of depressive episodes less severe. Be careful if you drive or do anything that requires you to be awake and alert. In case of overdose, call the poison control helpline at 1-800-222-1222. PUGVIEW FETCH ERROR: 403 Forbidden National Center for Biotechnology Information 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20894 USA Contact Policies FOIA HHS Vulnerability Disclosure National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health Explore the different options for supporting NAMI's mission. Lithium is in a class of medications called antimanic agents. Copyright 2023 IBM Watson Health. m Medically reviewed by Philip Thornton, DipPharm. Preparative Methods: reduction of Selenium with Lithium in liquid ammonia produces red-brown Li 2 Se after NH 3 . Severe lithium toxicity is serious and can be life threatening. Lithium helps to strengthen the health and resilience of neurons, demonstrating neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects in a wide range of clinical and translational models. 2004-2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK, a Red Ventures Company. Two cases are presented in which sulindac antirheumatic therapy was commenced during stabilized lithium treatment for recurrent endogenous depression. Tablet or capsule starting dosage. Lithium is a member of the alkali group of metals. Do not change your dose or medication schedule without your doctor's advice. Long-term Control: Continue rinsing. Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Use the dosing syringe provided, or use a medicine dose-measuring device (not a kitchen spoon). When taking lithium, a person should report any worsening of sleep or intensifying symptoms of mania or depression to the doctor who prescribed their medication, as they may require an adjustment in their dosage. Be sure your doctor knows if you also take stimulant medicine, opioid medicine, herbal products, or medicine for depression, mental illness, Parkinson's disease, migraine headaches, serious infections, or prevention of nausea and vomiting. This information is being provided as a community outreach effort of the American Association of Psychiatric Pharmacists. Lithium is used to treat and prevent episodes of mania (frenzied, abnormally excited mood) in people with bipolar disorder (manic-depressive disorder; a disease that causes episodes of depression, episodes of mania, and other abnormal moods). Ternary Mixed-Valence Organotin Copper Selenide Clusters. You should not use lithium if you are allergic to it. Overdose can occur if you take only slightly more than a recommended dose. You should bring this list with you each time you visit a doctor or if you are admitted to a hospital. Simultaneous Detection of Mitochondrial Hydrogen Selenide and Superoxide Anion in HepG2 Cells under Hypoxic Conditions. It also describes lithium's side effects, risks, and potential interactions, The most effective long-term treatment for bipolar disorder is lithium. Also tell your doctor if you or anyone in your family have or have ever had Brugada syndrome (a disorder that can cause a potentially fatal irregular heart rhythm) or if anyone in your family has died suddenly with no explanation before the age of 45 years. Lithium is widely used in medicine and the therapy is often long term. These effects can be toxic to both the kidneys and the rest of the body. A person should always follow the recommended dose of lithium, as too much can cause lithium toxicity. However, side effects are a common reason why people do not take lithium according to their doctors recommendations. O Lithium selenide . Do not let anyone else take your medication. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. Disclaimer, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. -Maintenance dose: 900 to 1200 mg/day COPYRIGHT 1997-2022 AMERICAN ELEMENTS. The following drugs can increase the concentration of lithium in the body and the risk of developing lithium toxicity: Other substances and medications can lower lithium levels in a persons body and decrease the drugs effects. Liquid solution . Your doctor may increase or decrease the dose of your medication during your treatment. Duplication for commercial use must be authorized by ASHP. Missing a dose can affect how well the medicine works. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. Lithium may help to control your condition but will not cure it. Sodium chloride side effects. -Extended release formulations: 900 mg orally in the morning and at nighttime Hypothyroidism (low levels of thyroid hormone) may occur with long-term lithium use. -Maintenance dose: 900 to 1200 mg/day However, without treatment, severe lithium toxicity can cause brain damage or even death. Symptoms of moderate lithium toxicity include confusion, increased heart rate, delirium, and agitation. It does not represent any guarantee of the properties of the product. increased watering of the mouth. In a person with hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones. 2 of 4 . Extended release tablets: Swallow the tablet whole. All rights reserved. -Regular release formulations: 300 mg orally 3 to 4 times a day Store it at room temperature and away from excess heat and moisture (not in the bathroom). Symptoms include extreme thirst and frequent urination. Lithium has been associated with an increased risk of Ebsteins anomaly, a heart valve defect. [Ge6Se12]n chains constructed by ethane-like [Ge2Se6]6- clusters. Lithium has a narrow therapeutic index, meaning that minor changes in the concentration of lithium in the body can have a significant impact. You may also ask a family member a friend to remind you or check in with you to be sure you are taking your medication. However, there are some situations where people may wish to speak with a doctor before taking lithium. For example, the Li 2 O content of the principal lithium mineral spodumene (LiAlSi 2 O 6) is 8.03%. [1] Lithium is for use in adults and children at least 7 years old. Your doctor may have to change the doses of your medication or monitor you more carefully for side effects. It is also used on a daily basis to reduce the frequency and severity of manic episodes. American Elements is a U.S. Copyright 1996-2023 Cerner Multum, Inc. Symptoms include: A person taking lithium who thinks they may have lithium toxicity or serotonin syndrome should seek medical help immediately. Find out the causes, symptoms, and. According to an article in the International Journal of Bipolar Disorders, 6790% of people taking lithium experience at least one side effect of the drug. , each unit cell has 4 units.[1]. Manic-depressive patients experience severe mood changes, ranging from an excited or manic state (eg, unusual anger or irritability or a false sense of . Use an effective form of birth control, and tell your doctor if you become pregnant during treatment. Active. It can be used View the full answer Transcribed image text: Question 1 1. Swallow the extended-release tablet whole; do not split, chew, or crush it. The tablets, capsules, and solution are usually taken three to four times a day. include protected health information. -Extended release formulations: 600 mg orally in the morning and at nighttime O Sodium chloride . Objective. 1997-2023 American Elements. Try to remove any weapons, medications, or other potentially harmful objects. Do not change the amount of salt you consume in your diet. Aquatic Toxicity: HighPersistent Bioaccumulation Toxicity: NoVery Persistent, Very Bioaccumulative: NoNotes: Very toxic for aquatic organism.May cause long lasting harmful effect on aquatic life.Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits.Do not allow product to reach any water sources.Danger to drinking water if even extremely small quantities leak into the ground.Also poisonous for fish and plankton in water bodies.Do not allow undiluted product or large quantities to reach ground water, water course or sewage system.Avoid transfer into the environment.Toxic to aquatic life. Measure liquid medicine carefully. Selenium (atomic symbol: Se, atomic number: 34) is a Block P, Group 16, Period 4 element with an atomic radius of 78.96. LITHIUM CHLORIDE AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR SODIUM CHLORIDE IN THE DIET: Observations on Its Toxicity | JAMA | JAMA Network In view of the increasing emphasis on restriction of sodium intake in the management of cardiac decompensation and other conditions, a harmless substitute for s [Skip to Navigation] Examples include phenelzine (Nardil), tranylcypromine (Parnate), selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam), and isocarboxazid (Marplan), A medication used to treat breathing problems called theophylline (TheoDur, SloBid). Follow these directions carefully. All Rights Reserved. Lithium is a medicine with a narrow range of safety and toxicity can occur if you take only slightly more than a recommended dose. You'll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox. What is the ionic formula for lithium selenide? Bipolar disorder is a condition that causes rapid shifts in a persons mood, energy and activity levels, and concentration. The compound formed is Lithium Sulfide and the chemical formula is Li2S L i 2 S . So, when lithium and sulfur combine, it forms an ionic bond. Lithium selenide has the same crystal form as other selenides, which is cubic, belonging to the anti-fluorite structure, the space groupis Fm3m{\displaystyle Fm{\bar {3}}m}, each unit cell has 4 units. 2004-2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK, a Red Ventures Company. [83] ), while The lithium atom has a radius of 152 pm and a Van der Waals radius of 181 pm. -Extended release formulations: 900 mg orally in the morning and at nighttime They should be clear about the limits of the research around that medication and if there are any other options. What is the proper formula for lithium sulfate? Subscribe to Drugs.com newsletters for the latest medication news, new drug approvals, alerts and updates. a light-headed feeling, like you might pass out; weakness, dizziness or spinning sensation; problems with balance or muscle movement; low sodium level - headache, confusion, slurred speech, severe weakness, vomiting, loss of coordination, feeling unsteady; thyroid problems - weight gain or loss, muscle pain, tremors, feeling hot or cold, changes in your skin or hair, sweating, feeling weak or tired, fast or pounding heartbeats, increased bowel movements, feeling anxious or agitated; dehydration symptoms - feeling very thirsty or hot, being unable to urinate, heavy sweating, or hot and dry skin; or. n-butyllithium, C 4 H 9 Li is the key reagent produced on large scale, commercially. Stop taking selenium and call your doctor at once if you have: nausea, vomiting; lack of energy, feeling irritable or very tired. Discontinuing mood stabilizer medications during pregnancy has been associated with a significant increase in symptom relapse. Even though data suggest that the risk of Ebsteins anomaly from first trimester use of lithium is very low, an ultrasound of the heart is recommended at 16 to 20 weeks of gestation. , LI-SE-05-P Learn more about common mental health conditions that affect millions. Do not crush or chew extended release tablets. What is the chemical formula for lithium? Lithium levels should be monitored monthly in early pregnancy and weekly near delivery. Your doctor may tell you not to take lithium or may monitor you more carefully for side effects. Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat. In rapid-cycling bipolar disorder, these changes happen more quickly, at least, Serotonin syndrome occurs when a person takes one or more drugs that cause a buildup of serotonin in the body. Take lithium exactly as it was prescribed for you. If the victim has collapsed, had a seizure, has trouble breathing, or can't be awakened, immediately call emergency services at 911. People who take lithium require regular monitoring of their sodium levels and kidney function. One of the most common uses for selenium is in glass production the red tint that it lends to glass neutralizes green or yellow tints from impurities in the glass materials. This medication may be prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information. , LI-SE-05-L These levels can cause organ failure and even death. We link primary sources including studies, scientific references, and statistics within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. What is the formula for lithium selenide? Only a doctor can determine if you require treatment. Apart from beneficial effects, its application can cause diverse side effects. Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs): valsartan (Diovan), olmesartan (Benicar), candesartan (Atacand), losartan (Cozaar), Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors: enalapril (Vasotec), captopril (Capoten), benazepril (Lotensin), fosinopril (Monopril), Certain antidepressants, known as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). To make sure this medicine is safe for you, tell your doctor if you have ever had: an abnormal electrocardiograph or ECG (sometimes called an EKG); Some medicines can interact with lithium and cause a serious condition called serotonin syndrome. Treatment generally involves monitoring the person, correcting their electrolyte levels, and performing dialysis to filter their blood. It is important to discuss the risks and benefits of treatment with your doctor and caregivers. tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription medications, vitamins, nutritional supplements, and herbal products you are taking or plan to take. Signs of lithium toxicity include severe nausea and vomiting, severe hand tremors, confusion, vision changes, and unsteadiness while standing or walking. Lithium a mood stabilizer that is a used to treat or control the manic episodes of bipolar disorder (manic depression). You may also contact the poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. Please review before taking this medication. Lithium is for use in adults and children at least 7 years old. The extended-release tablets are usually taken two to three times a day. trouble breathing, or seizures. They will monitor the lithium level in the persons blood and gradually adjust the dosage over time as needed. In some cases, drinking too much liquid can be as unsafe as not drinking enough. Follow your doctor's instructions about the type and amount of liquids you should drink. loss in sexual ability, desire, drive, or performance. Industrial Uses. Lithium pregnancy and breastfeeding warnings. No currently available medication can treat a lithium overdose. Alternatively, they may recommend a different medication altogether. Lithium can be life changing for those who find bipolar disorder difficult to manage, but its use does come with side effects. It must also involve three of the following: Lithium can also treat the symptoms of a depressive episode, such as: One clinical review of 300 studies indicated that lithium use reduced deaths by suicide and suicide attempts in people with bipolar disorder and other conditions that cause depressive episodes. Lithium does pass into breast milk during nursing. Regarding breastfeeding, caution is advised since lithium does pass into breast milk. Some side effects may pass with time, but others may require changes in the medication. These effects depend on your individual condition and response and the amount of lithium you use. It is not known how lithium works to stabilize a person's mood. (2011). These medications include antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Associate Professor Xin Li and his team have designed a stable, lithium-metal battery that can be charged and discharged at least 10,000 times. Influence of Post-Heat Treatment of ZnO:Al Transparent Electrode for Copper Indium Gallium Selenide Thin Film Solar Cell. a MAO inhibitor - isocarboxazid, linezolid, methylene blue injection, phenelzine, rasagiline, selegiline, tranylcypromine, and others. Below are the recommended starting dosages of lithium for bipolar I disorder. Can poor sleep impact your weight loss goals? Without treatment, it can affect a persons ability to carry out daily tasks. Typical and custom packaging is available. Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. According to the package insert for lithium, prolonged use of this drug can affect the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine. Copyright 2021 NAMI. Follow these directions carefully. Be sure to mention any of the following: acetazolamide (Diamox); aminophylline; angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors such as benazepril (Lotensin), captopril (Capoten), enalapril (Vasotec), fosinopril, lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril), moexipril (Univasc), perindopril (Aceon), quinapril (Accupril), ramipril (Altace), and trandolapril (Mavik); angiotensin II receptor antagonists such as candesartan (Atacand), eprosartan (Teveten), irbesartan (Avapro), losartan (Cozaar), olmesartan (Benicar), telmisartan (Micardis); and valsartan (Diovan); antacids such as sodium bicarbonate; caffeine (found in certain medications to treat drowsiness and headaches); calcium channel blockers such as amlodipine (Norvasc), diltiazem (Cardizem, Dilacor, Tiazac, others), felodipine (Plendil), isradipine (DynaCirc), nicardipine (Cardene), nifedipine (Adalat, Procardia), nimodipine (Nymalize), nisoldipine (Sular), and verapamil (Calan, Covera, Verelan); carbamazepine (Tegretol); medications for mental illness such as haloperidol (Haldol); methyldopa (Aldomet); metronidazole (Flagyl); nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as celecoxib (Celebrex), indomethacin (Indocin), and piroxicam (Feldene); potassium iodide; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as citalopram (Celexa), duloxetine (Cymbalta), escitalopram (Lexapro), fluoxetine (Prozac, Sarafem), fluvoxamine (Luvox), paroxetine (Paxil), and sertraline (Zoloft); and theophylline (Theolair, Theochron). Never use lithium in larger amounts, or for longer than prescribed. Typically patients begin at a low dose of medication and the dose is increased slowly over several weeks. Structure Notation TypeNotationSMILES[Li]S[Li]INCHI1S/2Li.S, NamesAppearanceclear crystalDensity2.0 g/cm3Solubility in waterhydrolysisStructure30 more rows, 2S.Lithium sulfide.NamesBoiling point1,372 (2,502 xb0F; 1,645 K)Solubility in watervery soluble, hydrolyses to LiOH and H2SSolubilityvery soluble in ethanolStructure42 more rows. The research is published in Nature. Lithium is a common medication that doctors use to treat bipolar disorder. What is the chemical formula for lithium selenide? This includes prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. "Our research shows that the solid-state battery could be fundamentally different from the commercial liquid electrolyte lithium-ion . A lithium-sparing effect of the NSAID sulindac is reported here. Ask an American Elements Materials Science Engineer, Tungsten(IV) Diselenide, Lithium Intercalated, Molybdenum(IV) Diselenide, Lithium Intercalated, Germanium Arsenide Selenide Telluride Sputtering Target, Germanium Arsenide Selenide/Indium Selenide Sputtering Target, Germanium Arsenide/Indium Selenide Sputtering Target, Germanium Selenide/Indium Selenide Sputtering Target, Germanium Antimony Selenide Telluride Sputtering Target, Publish your research on the American Elements website, Case Studies of selected key technologies invented or co-invented by American Elements in just the 1st two decades of this century, (5N) 99.999% Lithium Selenide Sputtering Target, P223-P231+P232-P260-P264-P270-P271-P273-P280-P301+P310-P304+P340-P314. Take care not to raise dust.Environmental Precautions: Isolate runoff to prevent environmental pollution. Only use equipment tested and approved under appropriate government standards.Protective Gloves: Rubber glovesEye Protection: Safety glasses or goggles, Full face protectionBody Protection: Protective work clothing. Is the ketogenic diet right for autoimmune conditions? With anti-fluorite structure. Consult your health care provider before reducing or stopping caffeine use. The current study was performed with the aim of the evaluation of the effect of lithium and/or selenium administration on magnesium, calcium and silicon levels in rats. Below are the EPA applications/systems, statutes/regulations, or other sources that track or regulate this substance. You must also know when to contact your doctor if there are problems with using the medicine. Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. Avoid becoming overheated or dehydrated during exercise, in hot weather, or by not drinking enough fluids. All other programs and services are trademarks of their respective owners. The following medications can increase the levels and effects of lithium: The following medications may decrease the levels and effect of lithium: It is very important to tell your doctor how you feel things are going during the first few weeks after you start taking lithium. In rare cases, lithium may lead to a reversible condition known as diabetes insipidus. It can help prevent and treat manic and depressive episodes. It will probably take several weeks to see big enough changes in your symptoms to decide if lithium is the right medication for you. How Viagra became a new 'tool' for young men, Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40345-015-0028-y, https://www.hindawi.com/journals/crim/2015/473931/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5164879/, https://cks.nice.org.uk/hypercalcaemia#!topicSummary, https://www.nami.org/learn-more/treatment/mental-health-medications/lithium, https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/017812s028,018421s027lbl.pdf, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)61842-0/fulltext, Cardiovascular health: Insomnia linked to greater risk of heart attack.